When arterial blood mixes with venous blood, there are a multitude of potential side effects that could occur to a person as a result of this mixing. First and foremost, the main effect of the mixing the blood together is that the oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood groups will intermingle with each other, creating an imbalance between the blood coming in and leaving the heart. Some of the blood coming into the heart will already be oxygenated and some blood will leave the heart with poor oxygenation.

One of these side effects is known as Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD), a congenital heart defect. A VSD is a problem with the wall between the left and right side of the heart. To understand beeter what a VSD is, picture or a poorly built apartment building. The walls are in this apartment building are so thin that if you were to hammer a nail into the wall, the pointy end would protrude into your neighbor's apartment. Now picture the same thing with the left and right sides of your heart.

A congenital heart defect (CHD) is an abnormality in the structure or function of the heart. This can include circumstances that affect the walls of the organ, blood vessels that transport blood to and from it, and the valves that regulate blood flow. Some CHDs are minor, and cause no noticeable symptoms. Others are severe, and can place the patient's life at risk.

The develment of the defects in tetralogy of Fallot is the result of abnormal embryologic development of the ventricular septum, which results in infundibular hypertrophy, and in the division of the truncus arteriosus, which results in a smaller pulmonary artery and a larger aorta.

The left and right sides of your heart are separated by a wall called the septum. This wall prevents blood from the left and right atria, and the left and right ventricles from mixing. Some children are born with a hole in this wall. If the hole appears between the atria, it is called an atrial septal defect. If the hole appears between the ventricles, it is called a ventricular septal defect. Because these holes allow blood between the atria and ventricles to mix, it prevents the heart from pumping efficiently.

The FDA took the action because the early results of two more studies showed that women who took Paxil during the first three months of pregnancy were about one and a half to two times as likely to have a baby with a heart defect as women who received other antidepressants or women in the general population. In general, these types of defects ranged in severity from those that were minor and resolved without treatment to those that caused serious symptoms and needed to be repaired surgically.

At birth the presence of a patent foramen ovale (or other atrial septal opening) and ductus arteriosus permits blood to flow across the septum into the left atrium, causing complete mixing of oxygenated and un-oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart. The patent ductus arteriosus allows blood in the left side of the heart, The patent ductus arteriosus allows blood to fow to the pulmonary artery for oxygenation into the lungs.

As the ductus arteriosus constricts in the neonatal period, obstruction increases at the coarctation site, leading to increased left ventricular afterload with subsequent left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension and congestion heart failure.

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